1.1英语句子结构
1.1.1句子分类（三种四类）
句子特征：必含主谓
10大词类：
a. 按结构分
一．___________（只包含一个主谓结构）
二．___________（包含两个或两个以上主谓结构）
三．____________（包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句，从句由从属连词或关系代词引导）
b. 按目的分
一．___________（说明一个事实或陈述一种看法）
Light travels faster than sound. 光比声速度快。（说明事实）
The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）
二．____________（提出问题）
（1）一般疑问句 Can you finish the work in time?
（2）特殊疑问句 Where do you live?
（3）选择疑问句 Do you want tea or coffee?
（4）反意疑问句 He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?
三．____________（提出请求，建议或发出命令）
（1）以动词原形开头（但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子）
Take this seat. Don't be late.
Do be careful. Don't move.
（2）以let 开头的祈使句
Let's 包括说话者。Let's have another try, shall we / shan't we?
Let us 不包括说话者。Let us have another try，will you / won't you?
（3）有主语的祈使句
-Sorry, Joe. I didn't mean to...
-Don't call me "Joe". I'm Mr Parker to you, and ________ you forget it!（2003NMET ）
A. do B. didn't C. did D. don't
四．_____________（what, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情）
What fun it is! How clever you are!
一． 简单句
五种基本句型：
______________,______________,______________,_____________,______________
.主 谓(vi:能表达完整的意思)(此结构常用来表示主语的动作)
1. 主 谓（vi. ）
2. 主 谓（vi. ） adv.
3. 主 谓（vi. ） prep.
4. 主 谓（vi. ） to do
5. 主 谓（vi. ） adverbial clause
举例加练习：
1. 主 谓（vi. ）
如:The sun rises.
The red sun rises. （主语可有修饰语---定语）
The red sun rises in the east. （谓语可有修饰语---状语）
写作中常见的vi ：
travel, act, come, go, return, leave, arrive, stay, work, last（持续）,pass, live, rise, look, listen, laugh,
hurry, wait, talk, graduate, gather集合, happen, occur发生，take place发生, apologize, succeed,
fall, appear, swim, disappear, cry, ring, retire, fly, jump, fail, stand, sit, lie撒谎；位于, give up,
break out(火灾；战争) 爆发, turn up（某人）出现,get up, stay up(熬夜), break down坏了, set
out/off(出发)etc.
既可以用作vt. 又可以用作vi. 有：
burn, clean, cook, read, sell ,study, open, close, meet(相遇), fit适合”, “合身”, sing ，agree, begin,
start, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve，stop ，speak 等。
2．主 谓（vi. ） adv. (用以修饰动词、形容词或其他副词, 说明时间, 地点, 程度, 方式等概念）
(1)Liu Xiang runs fast.
(2)I get up early every day.
(3)我们班的同学学习很刻苦。____________________________
(4)他昨天回家晚了。____________________________________
3．主 谓（vi. ） prep.
(1)I work in Beijing.
(2)I graduated from a senior high school.
(3)我们每天7:50上课。__________________________________
(4)我们将在海口停留大约5天。_____________________________
4. 主 谓（vi. ） to do(作状语多表示目的, 原因和结果)
(1)She sat in a corner so as not to be noticed by anybody.
(2) He drove very fast in order to catch the plane.
(4)他每天早起学习英语。______________________________________
(5)我写信告诉你一件重要事情。_________________________________
5. 主 谓（vi. ） adverbial clause
(1) I go where you go.
(2) Mary cried when she heard the news.
(3)他表现得好像已经知道一切似的。______________________________
(4)不知不觉，高考马上就到了。__________________________________
.主 谓（vt. ） 宾
1. 主 谓（vt. ） 宾(n. / pron.)
2. 主 谓（vt. ） 宾(to do)
3. 主 谓（vt. ） 宾(doing)
4. 主 谓（vt. ） 宾(object clause)
5. 主 谓（vt. ） 宾(whether / wh to do)
举例加练习：
1. 主 谓（vt. ） 宾(n. / pron.)
（1）I like music.
(2)He read two books last night.
(3) 我确实想要一本好词典。_______________________________
(4)他的各门考试都及格了。________________________________
2. 主 谓（vt. ） 宾(to do)
He wants to buy a pen.
只能跟不定式做宾语, 不能跟动名词, 这类动词有：
afford, aim ,appear, agree, arrange, be, decide, bother, care, choose, dare, demand, desire,
ask ,determine, expect, elect, endeavor（努力, hope, fail, happen（碰巧）,help, care, hesitate（犹
豫）,learn, long, mean, manage, offer（提出）, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend,
wait, want, seek,wish, undertake , claim
(若干结构 不带to 不定式, 常用的结构有:would rather, rather than, had better, let )
3. 主 谓（vt. ） 宾(doing)
只能加v-ing 的动词有：acknowledge （承认），admit ，appreciate （感激），avoid ，consider ，
delay ，deny ，miss, dislike，prevent ，enjoy ，advise ，escape ，finish ，imagine, allow, permit,
keep ，mind ，practice ，quit （放弃），risk ，（can’t）stand ，suggest ，resist 等；动词短语有：
go on，give up，put off，feel like 等。带介词to 短语有listen to, look forward to, get down to ,
stick to, refer to, turn to, point to, reply to，lead to, object to, be addicted to, be/ become used to, pay attention to，devote oneself to(be devoted to),be admitted to等
(1)He suggested seeing a movie.
(2) I enjoy living here.
(3)你必须每天练习讲英语。_________________________________
(4)我们必须避免犯这样的错误。______________________________
注：还有一些动词既可以跟动名词也可以跟不定式作宾语，意思差别不大，例如：like, love,
begin, start等。
还有一些动词既可以跟动名词也可以跟动名词作宾语，意思差别很大, 如：
1、forget to do
forget doing
2、remember to do
remember doing
3、stop to do
stop doing
4、go on to do
go on doing
5、regret to do
regret doing
6、try to do
try doing
7、mean to do
mean doing
8、can’t help to do
can’t help doing
9、propose to do
propose doing
4. 主 谓（vt. ） 宾(object clause)
（1）I don’t know what I should do.
(2)I am sure that he will come.
(3)我知道他参军了。_______________________________________________
（4）我们大家都知道那老人将去那里。________________________________
5. 主 谓（vt. ） 宾(whether / wh to do)
(1)we discussed whether to go.
(2)）They didn’t tell me where to go.
(3)）我现在不知道要怎么说。___________________________________________
(4)）王老师不知到想买哪一个。__________________________________________
.主 系（link-verb ） 表(说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等n.\adj. o do)
常用系动词：
表感官appear, look, seem，smell, taste, sound,feel
表状态 be,remain, stay, keep, prove,turn out
表动作 become, come, turn, fall, get, go, grow.
（1）The student is busy.
（2）The material feels soft.
（3）这个报告听起来很有意思。_________________________________
（4）我的兄弟都是大学生。______________________________________
.主＋谓（vt ）＋间宾（ pron.）＋直宾(
1. 主＋谓（vt ）＋间宾（sb. ）＋直宾(sth.) (表达给某人某物)
2. 主＋谓（vt ）＋间宾（sb. ）＋直宾(object clause)
举例加练习：
1. 主＋谓（vt ）＋间宾（sb. ）＋直宾(sth.)
（1）I told him a story.
(2)I showed him my pictures.
(3)我送Tom 一本书。__________________________________________
（4）我给Tom 买了一件外套。___________________________________
注：但若要先说出直接宾语(事物) ，后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to （侧重指动作
的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人）或for （侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某
人）
练习：把上面4题转换为 主＋谓（vt ）＋直宾（sth ）＋to\for 间宾(sb.) (表达把某物给某
人)
（1）_________________________________（2）___________________________________
（3）_________________________________（4）____________________________________
用to 的动词有：bring, deny否认, give, hand交给, leave留给, lend借给, pass传给,pay 付给,
permit 允许, promise许诺, read读, offer提供给, sell卖, send寄给, show, teach, tell，throw ，rent
租给, do（good/harm/wrong)带来… 等。
用for 的动词有：buy, choose, fetch去取, get, make, order订购, paint画, play演奏, sing, spare
腾出等。
2. 主＋谓（vt ）＋间宾（ pron.）＋直宾(object clause)
(1)The doctor advised me that I should stay in bed for several days.
(2)Could you show me how I should operate the machine?
(3) 父母问他考试是否及格了。________________________________________
(4)老师问我们谁想在会上发言。_______________________________________
. 主 谓（vt. ） 宾 补
1.主 谓（vt. ） 宾 补(n.)
2.主 谓（vt. ） 宾 补(adj.)
3.主 谓（vt. ） 宾 补(to do)
4.主 谓（vt. ） 宾 补(doing)
5. 主 谓（vt. ） 宾 补(done)
6. 主 谓（vt. ） 宾 补(prep phrase)
举例加练习：
1. 主 谓（vt. ） 宾 补(n.)
(2) They chose me chairman of the meeting.
(3) 他们叫我Tom 。_____________________________
(4)我们让Tom 当班长。_______________________________
2. 主 谓（vt. ） 宾 补(adj.\adv.)
(2) . We went to her house but found her out.
(3)我们应该让父母高兴。_______________________________
(4)我发现这本书很容易。_______________________________
3.主 谓（vt. ） 宾 补(to do)
常用to do 作宾补动词有advise, allow, encourage, expect,
force, intend, invite, permit, tell, persuade,remind,want, warn, get, ask, forbid, beg, require, cause,
would love, would like, prefer, hate 等
(1)I don’(2)My teacher asked me to write a composition every week.
(3)老师不允许学生在课堂上睡觉。(allow)_________________________________
(4)我期待他能在考试中成功。____________________________________________
注：有10个动词常接不带 to 的不定式作宾补，它们是：
一个 “感觉“：feel 两个“听”： hear, listen to
三个“让”： have , let , make 四个“看”： see, watch,notice,observe
Eg:Let’s go Dutch. 让我们各付各的吧.
4.主 谓（vt. ） 宾 补(doing)
5. 主 谓（vt. ） 宾 补(done)
(1)I heard Tom calling my name.
(2)I heard my name called by Tom.
(3)老师让我一直站着。________________________________
(4)我理发了。________________________________________
6. 主 谓（vt. ） 宾 补(prep phrase)
（1）He hit me in the face
（2）He got himself into trouble.
（3）请把你的书整理好。_______________________________
（4）我最后一次发现他时他在森林里。______________________
二．并 列 句
(联合并列句, 转折并列句, 选择并列句和因果并列句)
I. Today’s motto: Fortune often knocks at the door, but the fool does not invite her in.
_________________________________________.
II. 1) _____并列句常由并列连词and, not only…but also…..,neither …nor… 等连接
2) 祈使句 ( , ) and/or 陈述句( will)
如: Hurry up, and we’ll be there in time.=If ____ hurry up, _____ be there in time.
1. Stand over there______ you’ll be able to see it better. (Tianjin 2004)
A or B while C but D and
2. Follow your doctor’s advice, _________ your cough（咳嗽）will get worse. (Liaoning2005)
A ．or B ．and C ．then D ．so
3. Protect our earth, ______ it will be no longer fit for us to live on.
A. and B. but C. so D. or else
4. —English has large vocabulary, hasn’t it? (Shanghai 2004)
—Yes. ________more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.
A. Know B. Knowing C. To know D. Known
5. ______ straight on and you’ll see a church. You won’t miss it. (Hubei 2004)
A ．Go B ．Going C ．If you go D．When going
6.--My shirt is torn.
, I'll mend it for you.
A. If you bring B. If you had brought C. Should you bring D. Bring （紧扣主题）or we ______ any decisions. (2004全国卷I)
A. will never reach B. have never reached C. never reach D. never reached
8. When you’re learning a foreign language, use it, ______ you will lose it.
A. but B. or C. then D. and
9. Help others whenever you can _____ you will make the world a nicer place to live in.
A. and B. or C. unless D. but
10.______some of this juice—perhaps you'll like it. (2000spring)
A. Trying B. Try C. To try D. Have tried
11. It’s really very dangerous. One more step,＿＿＿the baby will fall into the well.
A. or B. so C. but D. and
12. ＿＿＿does he do his work well, ______ he helps others with their work.
A. Not only；but also B. Neither；nor C. Either；or D. Both；and
III._____并列句常由并列连词but, yet, while等连接 从长
远来看) (2000spring) A. or B since C. for D. but
14. —I think George doesn’t really care for TV plays.
—Right, _____he still watches the program. (Chongqing 2004)
A. and B. but C. or D. so
15. There are many kinds of sports, _____ my favorite is swimming. (Liaoning 2004)
A ．as B ．then C ．so D ．but
16. They wanted to charge $5,000 for the car, _____ we managed to bring the price down.
A. but B. so C. when D. since (NMET2005-1)
17. I hope you don’t mind me asking, _____ where did you buy those shoes? (NMET2004-3)
A. so B. and C. yet D. but
18. I don’t want to bring up the topic, ____ why A. and B. but C. or D. so
19. Excuse me for breaking in, _____I have some news for you. (NMET2002)
A. so B. and C. but D. yet
20. My experiment seems to have been successful, _____ I am not satisfied.
A. yet B. still C. and D. or
21. Jim is an American， _______ he can speak very good Chinese．
A ．if B ．so C ．but D ．because
22. She is American,＿＿＿ she knows little about American history.
A. so B. yet C. and D. therefore
23.The car is quite old; __________,there is nothing wrong with it.
A. but B. yet C. however D. therefore
24. There is plenty of rain in the south ＿＿ there is little in the north.
A. while B. as C. when D. so
25.I do every single bit of housework _____ my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then. (NMET2004) A. since B. while C. when D. as
26. I'd like to study law at university _____ my cousin prefers geography.
A. though B. as C. while D. for
27. Why was Edison not able to hatch（孵化） chickens __________the hen could ?
A. while B .when C. because D. unless
IV ．_____并列句常由并列连词or, either…or…,等连接
如: Either you leave this house or I’ll call the police
28. We’re going to the bookstore in John’s car. You can come with us _____you can meet us there later. (NMET2003)
A. but B. and C. or D. then
V . ____ 并列句由并列连词 so, for 等连接.
29. Information technology is taught in most schools, ＿＿＿we have entered the information
society.
A. so B. while C. still D. for
30. The shop doesn’t open until 11 a.m, _______ it loses a lot of business.
A. for B. or C. but D. so （Beijing 2004 春）
31. I can’t sleep well at night, ______I often feel very tired in the day.
A. so B. for C. and D. or
32. He found it increasingly difficult to read, ______ his eyesight was beginning to fail.
A. though B. for C. but D. so
33. It must have rained last night, __________the road is wet.
A. while B. or C. for D. because
VI. 英译汉：1）We were having a meeting when someone broke in.
2）We were about to set off when it suddenly began to rain.
34. He was about halfway through his meal _____ a familiar voice came to his ears.
A. why B. where C. when D. while
35.Tom was about to close the window _____ his attention was caught by a bird.
A. when B. if C. and D. till (2010全国卷II)
36. I’d just stepped out of the bathroom and was busily drying myself with a towel ____ I heard the steps.
A. while B. when C. since D. after
VII. because和____; although, though和_____ 不能连用
37.__________many times, but he still couldn't understand it.
A. Having been old B. Though he had been told C. He was told D. Having told
38.__________, so Mary was very sad.
A. Her mother was very ill B. Her mother being ill
C. Her mother's being ill D. Because her mother was ill
39.Tom's mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but ________didn't help.
A. he B. which C. she D. it
40. Spring is coming ; __________gets warmer and warmer, and trees turn green.
A. that B .it C. which D. as it
三．主从复合句
名从，定从，状从（略）
答案：
简单句，并列句，复合句 并列复合句
陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，感叹句
I. 幸运之神常光顾，痴人不知把门开。
II. 1-5 D A D A A 6-10 A A B A B 11-12 D A
III. 13-20 D B D A D B C A 21-27 C B C A B C A
IV . 28 C
V . 29-33 D D A B C
VI 34-36 C A B
VII37-40 C A D B
