我们在前面曾提过学生的作文主要有以下几个方面的问题：
第一、英语底子太薄。
第二、词汇量太小，且对已学词汇记忆不清。
第三、表达思想不清楚。 下面我们以考生的实际作文来进行一下分析。
1） Some one consider that fresh water will not touch it''s end.(96年1月，2分)
2） One man''s life lack of money, he will impossible to live on. （95年1月，5分）
3） As is know, that there are much fake commodities in today''s society.(97年12月，6分)
这里引述的例句与考生通篇作文的写作水平是一致的，其中5、6分的例句具有典型性，代表了近乎中等水平考生的写作水平。从这些例句中不难看出，中等水平的考生，事实上也包括中上等水平的考生，在写作上存在的主要问题是表达思想不清楚。
表达思想不清楚的主要原因是考生作文中严重汉化的英语，即中式英语，比如： "man can live happiness"， "Man is iron, and food is steel.", ＂Women are half side sky.＂。此外，语言错误的普遍性和严重性十分惊人，比如，主谓不一致，名词单复数不分，动词时态语态滥用，常用词拼写错误比比皆是。这些严重地影响了思想的表达。考试实践表明，多数考生在写作上的主要欠缺不是系统的写作理论和方法，而是最基本的单句写作能力。
文章无论长短，都是由句子组成的，句子是表达思想的最基本的单位。因此，句子是否能写得正确、达意和清楚，将直接影响整篇文章的写作质量。大学英语四、六级考试和研究生入学英语考试的实践都表明，考生写作成绩长期得不到明显提高的主要原因是欠缺写好单句的能力。
为改变这种状况，我们将从剖析考生作文中的典型病句入手，对写作测试中的基本句子结构和写法进行评议和分析，来帮助考生进一步提高句子写作能力。
否定结构除了在助动词、情态动词，be和have后面加not之外，还有许多不含not的否定结构。若能正确使用他们，文章会显得生动活泼，增加写作的闪光点。下面我们就来看看:
1． 含有否定意义的词汇和短语
以下列举的词和词组本身就具有否定的含义，因此无需用否定词。
介词against, beyond, but, except, without,...
形容词和动词absent, deny, differ, different, fail, free, ignore, miss, refuse, the last, used to,
reluctant, lack, want,...
短语keep...from, protect...from, prevent...from, let alone, at a loss, in vain, instead of, out
of the question, rather than, too...to, by no means, anything but,...
我们看以下例句：
1） Women fail to get the equal rights in some countries.
在一些国家里妇女没有得到平等的权利。
2） This is by no means the best way to solve the problem of energy crisis.
这不是解决能源危机的最好的办法。
3） We should protect trees from being destroyed.
我们应保护树木，不让它们受破坏。
4） In old China we could not make a nail, let alone(make) machines.
在旧中国，我们连一个钉子都造不了，更不用说制造机器了。
2． 含有半否定意义的词语
barely, hardly, few, little, rarely, scarcely, seldom, not all, not everyone, not everything,...具
有半否定的意义。例句：
1） We could hardly see any fresh vegetables in winter on market several years ago.
几年前在冬天市场上很难见到新鲜蔬菜。
2） These young people know little about how to choose good books to read.
这些年轻人几乎不知道如何挑选优秀的书籍来读。
3． 不含否定意义的否定结构
有些词和词组形式上是否定结构，但其含义是肯定的，比如：cannot but, can''t help,
no sooner...than, not...until, in no time, none other than, nothing but,等等。例句：
1） We can''t but face the reality.
我们只有面对现实。
2） These old buildings will be replaced by modern apartment buildings in no time.
这些旧建筑将很快为现代化的公寓所代替。
4． 否定结构的倒装语序
我们有时为了强调而把否定词和词组放在句首，这时句子结构应倒装。例如：
1） On no account should we follow blindly.我们决不应当盲从。
2） No where has the world ever seen such great enthusiasm for learning as in our
country.没有任何其他地方有我国这样高的学习热情。
五、 含有it的结构
考生病句：
1. As is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the
development of society.
2. It is known to us, practice makes perfect.
正确表达：
1. It is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the
development of society. (或:As is known to all of us, science...)
2. It is known to us that practice makes perfect. (或:As is known to us, practice...)
评议与分析：
例句1是93年12月六级考试11分作文的评分样卷句子，例句2选自97年1月四级考试作文。很显然，两个考生混淆了it和as的用法。如果用it作形式主语，后面的主语从句必须由that引起；如果用as，则后面不能用that，因为as是关系代词，代表practice makes perfect。
It 在英语中是个相当活跃的代词，在写作中我们常要使用它。以下几种用法应熟练掌握，并能灵活运用。
1．作形式主语
It is necessary for us to master a foreign language skillfully. It makes difference whether
we could purify the air or not.
2.作形式宾语
We find it rather difficult to prevent people from doing that. Modern science has made it
possible for babies to grow healthily and for people to live longer.
3.引导强调句
It is only by this way that we can achieve success. It was then that people began to realize
the importance of controlling population.
从语法结构来看，上述的句子都不难，或者可以说是考生相当熟悉的。然而在写作考试中，多数考生缺乏运用自己已掌握的句式的意识，而以自己头脑中拼凑的中式英语取而代之。其实，只要能恰当地运用上述的任何一个句式，考生的作文就会出现闪光点，就会取得比较好的成绩。
（二）
一、 ＂There be＂结构
考生病句：
1. There are many people like to go to the movies.
2. There are different kinds of vegetables can be bought on the market by people.
正确表达：
1. There are many people who like to go to the movies.
2. There are different kinds of vegetables that people can buy on the market.
这两个例句的错误比较有普遍性，因为在历次考试中有不少考生不能正确运用there be这一最常用的句式。在这种结构中，there是引导词，没有实际意义。be在句中作谓语，有时
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怎样写好英语句子
态和数的变化。
例如：
1. There was no school in the village at that time. (=there was not a school...)
注意：在否定句中，否定词用no，也可用not a或not any。not a后接单数名词，not a 后接复数名词，no后面的名词单复数都可以。
2. There is not a moment to be lost.
3. There are many people rushing into the cities every year.
4. There are many things we can do to prevent traffic accidents.
5. There is no use holding back the wheel of history.
从以上例句还可看出，句中的主语后面可接多种修饰语，如介词短语、不定式短语、定语从句、分词短语等等。这无疑使该结构增加了表现力，使句子表达内容更加丰富。 在运用这一结构时，考生最容易犯的错误是在there be之后又用了一个动词作谓语，使句子结构出现严重错误。这里列举的考生的典型错误均属这种情况，对此我们在写作中要格外注意。
二、 比较结构
考生病句：
1. Comparing with the bike, the car runs much faster.
2. The climate in Walton is colder than other cities.
正确表达：
1. Compared with the bike, the car runs much faster.
2. The climate in Walton is colder than that of other cities.
评议与分析：许多考生在作文中用compare或than表示比较，但相当多的表达有误。
在例1中，对两个事物进行比较的句式为Compared with A, B...,只能用compare的过去分词，不能用现在分词，因为B是分词的逻辑主语，只能被比较。在例2中，考生误将"天气"与"城市"进行比较，而二者没有可比性，只有将后者改为"其他城市的天气"才符合逻辑，很显然，考生的错误是受了汉语表达习惯的影响。
比较结构是常用结构，正确地使用这一结构可以使文章的句式增加变化，有利于提高写作成绩。一般说来，考生若能恰当、正确地运用这一结构，其写作成绩应在5分以上。
下面是比较结构的一些常用的表达方法。
1． 同级比较
1） In 1998 we produced as many cars as we did in the previous five years.
2） We have accomplished as much in the past three years as would have taken ten years
in the past.
2． 比较级
1） Children now enjoy better medical treatment than before.
2） We can live longer without food than we can (live ) without water.
3． 最高级
1） This is the most interesting book I''ve ever read.
2） Of all his novels I like this one best.
4． the more…the more…结构
1) The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
2) The more a man knows, the more he discovers his ignorance.
5． 选择比较
1) I prefer staying at home to going out.
2) They prefer to work rather than (to) sit idly.
3) He prefers to work alone.
注意：这里的1）句用的是Prefer A to B结构，to为介词，后接名词或动名词；2）句是以不定式作 prefer的宾语；3）句用法同2），只是不把rather than部分表达出来。
6． 对比
1) Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative.
2) He is tired out, whereas she is full of vigour.
注意：while 和whereas均可用于连接两个意义对立的分句，相当于汉语的"而"字。许多考生能较好地运用这一句式，尤其在图表作文中。
三、 表达原因的结构
考生病句：
1. The real reason to our failure is not far to seek.
2. The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without
working hard.
正确表达：
1. The real reason for our failure is not far to seek.
2. The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of money without working
hard.
评议与分析：
以上两个病句分别引自92年1月和97年12月四级考试的考生作文。从遣词造句上看，这两位考生具有一定的写作能力，not far to seek, plenty of money以及without working hard等均运用正确、恰当。但令人遗憾的是，第一位考生不知道reason不与to搭配而应接介词for，第二位考生犯了一个中国学生常犯的错误，就是用because引起表语从句，because这个词不能引起表语从句，在本句中只能改用that才正确。
掌握好表达原因的结构是十分重要的，几乎所有的写作试题都要求写原因或可以写原因。在大学英语四、六级考试、研究生入学英语考试以及TOEFL考试中，写作的文体基本上是议论文，而议论文的基本模式是摆事实、讲道理，讲道理就是说明原因。写作测试的文体决定了表达原因结构的重要性。
英语中用来表达原因这一概念的结构有多种。我们可用as , because, since, seeing that, considering that, now that, not that...等词组引出表示原因的从句。例如：
1. Now that we have seen these great achievements with our own eyes, we feel more
proud than ever of our country.
2. Professor Liu is strict with us because he wants us to make rapid progress.
3. Since we live near the sea, we enjoy a healthy climate.
4. Pollution is still a serious problem, not that we don''t have the ability to solve it, but that
some people have not realized the consequences of the problem.
我们还可以借助某些词语用简单句表达原因结构。例如：
1. The reason for this change is quite obvious.
2. Diligence is the key factor of success.
3. Idleness is the root of all evils.
4. He was ashamed to have made the mistake.(=He was ashamed that he had made the
mistake.=He was ashamed because he had made the mistake.)
除了上述的例句外，英语中还有很多或易或难的表达原因的结构。我们在进行写作训练的时候，不能满足于一知半解，要讲究书面语言的正确性和准确性。比如，because是最常用的引导原因从句的连词，语气最强，表示直接的原因，若because置于句首，后面的主句不能再用so。用as引导的原因从句语气较弱，所说明的原因是附带的，而since表示的原因暗示着是稍加分析之后才能推断出来的原因。
四、 否定结构
考生病句
1. Some people think we needn''t to worry about fresh water.
2. Nowadays many people don''t like to go to the movies, too.
正确表达：
1. Some people think we needn''t worry (或don''t need to worry) about fresh water.
2. Nowadays many people don''t like to go to the movies, either.
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