21:04
Hi, I'm Olivier. Wele to Oxford Online English!
大家好，我是奥利维尔。欢迎来到牛津大学在线英语课程！
In this lesson, you can learn about sentence structure in English.
在这节课中，大家要学习的是学习英语的句子结构。
You'll learn how to construct all kinds of sentences in English, from the simplest possible sentences, to long, plex sentences which contain many different ideas.
大家将学习如何构造英语中的各种句子，从最简单的句子到包含许多不同想法的长难句。
To begin, a question: What's the simplest sentence you can make in English?
首先，问大家一个问题：你能用英语造的最简单的句子是什么？
What does every sentence in English need?
英语每一句话都需要什么？
Every sentence needs a verb.
每个句子都需要一个动词。
The simplest sentence is an imperative, which means when you tell someone to do something.
最简单的句子是祈使句，也就是你告诉某人做某事时使用的句子。
For example: Run!
例如：快跑！
Leave!
离开！
Work!
工作！
These are the simplest plete sentences you can make in English; they're just one word long!
这些是你能用英语造的最简单的完整句子；它们只有一个单词！
Of course, most sentences are longer than this.
当然，大多数句子都比这个长。
Most sentences that are longer than one word also need a noun before the verb.
大多数不止一个单词的句子在动词前也需要一个名词。
This noun is the subject.
这个名词就是主语。
With a subject plus a verb, you can make simple sentences like: He runs.
主语加动词，你就可以造出简单的句子，比如：他跑步。
She left.
她离开了。
They're working.
他们在工作。
You can see that the verb can be in different forms: past or present, simple or continuous.
你可以看到动词可以有不同的形式：过去时、现在时，一般或者是进行时。
The verb form doesn't change the structure of the sentence.
动词形式不会改变句子的结构。
These are all the same: subject plus verb.
这些句子都是一样的：主语加动词。
Of course, these sentences aren't very interesting.
当然，这些句子不是很有趣。
You can't say much with short sentences like these.
像这样的短句你不能说太多。
Let's add a little more information.
让我们再补充一点信息。
Take the sentence he runs.
以他跑步的句子为例。
What could you add after runs to make it longer?
你可以在“run”后添加什么来延长这个句子呢？
You could add an adverb of place: He runs around the park.
你可以加一个地点副词：他绕着公园跑。
You could add an adverb of time: He runs every morning.
你可以加一个时间副词：他每天早上跑步。
You could add both: He runs around the park every morning.
你可以两个都添加：他每天早上绕着公园跑步。
You could add an adverb of manner: He runs slowly.
你可以加一个方式副词：他跑得很慢。
You can see that you have many choices, but your choices are also limited.
你可以看到有很多选择，但你的选择也是有限的。
In this case, you can use different kinds of adverbs, but there are also things you can't use.
在这种情况下，你可以使用不同种类的副词，但也有你不能使用的词汇。
For example, you can't use another verb after run, you can't use an adjective, and you can't use a noun, or at least you can't use a noun with this meaning of run.
比如，在“run”之后不能用另一个动词，不能用形容词，不能用名词，或者至少不能含有“run”同样意思的名词。
This is an important point, so let's look at it in more detail.
这是很重要的一点，让我们更详细地看一下吧。
To build grammatically plete sentences in English, there's one important question: what needs to e next?
要在英语中造出语法完整的句子，有一个重要的问题：接下来应该是什么成分？
For example, you saw the sentence he runs.
例如，大家看到了“他跑步”的这个句子。
That's a plete sentence.
这是一个完整的句子。
You can put a full stop after runs, and it's correct.
你可以在跑完后画一个句号，这是完全正确的。
It's very basic, but it's correct.
非常基础，但是是正确的。
What about these: She likes He wants We go These aren't plete sentences.
这些呢？她喜欢他想要我们走这些不是完整的句子。
Can you explain why not?
你能解释一下为什么吗？
They aren't plete, very simply, because they aren't finished.
它们不完整，很简单，因为这些句子没有说完。
Look at the first sentence: She likes.
看第一句：她喜欢。
She likes…what?
她喜欢……什么？
She has to like something.
她需要喜欢一些东西。
He wants… What does he want?
他想要……他想要什么？
You can't just 'want', you have to want something.
你不能只是“想要”，你必须想要某些东西。
We go… Where?
我们去……哪里？
At this point, we want to teach you a word: plement.
说到这里，我们要教大家一个词：补语。
The plement is the thing you add after a verb to make a sentence plete.
补语是在动词后面加的东西，使句子保持完整。
A plement can have many different forms.
补语可以有许多不同的形式。
It can be a noun, a verb, an adjective or an adverb.
它可以是名词、动词、形容词或副词。
These things can be single words or phrases.
可以是单个单词或短语。
For example, when we say 'noun', we also mean noun phrases.
例如，当我们说“名词”时，我们也可以指名词短语。
So, table is a noun, and the wooden table which my grandmother gave me is also a noun.
桌子是一个名词，我奶奶给我的木桌也是一个名词。
Both nouns refer to one object — one table.
两个名词都指一个物体——一张桌子。
For this lesson, a noun can be one word, or a phrase.
在这节课中，名词可以是一个单词，也可以是一个短语。
Okay, let's practice.
好吧，让我们练习一下。
Look at the first sentence: she likes.
看第一句：她喜欢。
How could you finish this?
怎么能完成这个句子？
What are the possible plements?
有哪些可能的补语呢？
Pause the video and write down three endings for your sentence.
暂停视频，为你的句子写下三个结尾。
Try to use different ideas and structures.
尝试使用不同的想法和结构。
Ready?
准备好了吗？
Let's look at some possible answers.
让我们看看一些可能的答案。
These are just our suggestions; of course there are many possibilities!
这些只是我们的建议；当然还有很多可能性！
She likes strawberries.
她喜欢草莓。
She likes swimming.
她喜欢游泳。
She likes getting up before the sun rises.
她喜欢在太阳升起前起床。
She likes to listen to music while she works.
她喜欢边工作边听音乐。
You can see that there's more than one possible plement: you can use a noun, a gerund (a verb with -ing which acts like a noun) , a gerund phrase, or an infinitive verb with 'to'.
你可以看到补语不止一种：你可以使用名词、动名词（动名词带-ing，就像名词一样）、动名词短语或不定式动词加 to。
So, you have many choices!
所以，你有很多选择！
However, like before, your choices are also limited.
但是同样地，你的选择也是有限的。
Only certain structures are possible.
只有某些结构是可以的。
The idea of plements isn't just for the first verb in the sentence.
补语不仅仅是为了补充句子中的第一个动词。
Many words need a plement.
很多单词都需要补语。
For example, look at one of the sentences you just saw: She likes getting up before the sun rises.
例如，看看你刚刚看到的一个句子：她喜欢在太阳升起前起床。
Technically, you can say She likes getting up.
严格来说，你可以说她喜欢起床。
It's a grammatically plete sentence, but you'd never say it.
这是一个语法完整的句子，但你永远不会这么说。
Why not?
为什么不呢？
Because it doesn't make any sense.
因为这没有任何意义。
You need more information.
你需要更多的信息。
She likes getting up…when?
她喜欢起床……什么时候？
Why?
为什么？
How?
怎样？
You need a plement after getting up to plete the idea.
在“getting up”之后，你需要一个补语使其完整。
She likes getting up before… Before also needs a plement.
她喜欢在……之前起床。“Before”也需要一个补语。
You can't stop there.
你不能停在那里。
Before what?
在什么时候之前？
She likes getting up before the sun….
她喜欢在太阳出来之前起床……
This also doesn't work, because it doesn't make sense.
这也说不通，因为这没有任何意义。
It doesn't make sense because the sun needs a plement.
这说不通，因为太阳需要一个补语。
Before the sun does what?
在太阳怎样之前？
She likes getting up before the sun rises.
她喜欢在太阳升起前起床。
Ok, finally we have a sentence which is both grammatically plete and which municates meaning.
好的，最后我们得到了一个句子，它在语法上是完整的，也能传达意义。
What should you remember from this?
你应该记住什么呢？
Remember that when you use a particular word, you have limited choices in what kind of word you use next.
请记住，当你使用一个特定的单词时，你对接下来使用什么样的单词的选择是有限的。
To speak or write in clear, correct English, you don't just need to know English words.
为了用清晰正确的英语说话或写作，你不仅需要了解英语单词本身。
You need to know what can e next.
你还需要知道接下来是什么。
For example, with a verb like like or want, it's not enough to know the verb.
例如，对于动词来说，比如“like”或“want”，仅仅知道这个动词是不够的。
You also need to know whether the verb needs a plement, and what plements are — or aren't — possible.
你还需要知道动词是否需要补语，可以加什么补语，不能加什么补语。
This is why it's good to learn vocabulary in full phrases and sentences.
这就是为什么学习完整的短语和句子是有好处的。
That way, you'll know how to use the words you learn to make sentences you can use in your spoken or written English.
这样，你就可以知道如何使用你学的单词来造出在口语和书面语中使用的句子。
Using what you've seen up to now, you can build many simple English sentences.
使用你到目前为止所看到的内容，你可以造句许多英语简单句。
Let's see how you can add more information and more detail to these simple sentences.
让我们看看如何在这些简单的句子中添加更多的信息和细节吧。
You can add information to a simple sentence in two ways: you can add adjectives or adverbs.
你可以通过两种方式给一个简单的句子添加信息：你可以添加形容词或副词。
Let's look at an example, using a sentence we started before, but we didn't finish: He wants… Actually, you should do some work!
让我们看一个例子，用一个我们之前用过但是不完整的句子：他想要……事实上，你应该做些事情！
Pause the video, and finish this sentence in three different ways.
暂停视频，用三种不同的方式完成这句话。
Start again when you have your answers.
等你有了答案再开始视频。
Ready?
准备好了吗？
Here's our suggestion: He wants to buy a car.
我们的建议是：他想买一辆车。
Now, let's add some description using adjectives and adverbs.
现在，让我们用形容词和副词来补充一些描述。
Can you see how you could add adjectives to this sentence?
你能给这个句子加上形容词吗？
You could add adjectives before the word car, like this: He wants to buy a new car.
你可以在单词“car”前加上形容词，像这样：他想买一辆新车。
He wants to buy a second-hand car.
他想买一辆二手车。
He wants to buy a bright red car.
他想买一辆亮红色的汽车。
What about adverbs?
副词呢？
Could you add adverbs to these sentences to add some details?
你能在这些句子中通过添加副词来增加一些细节吗？
There are many possibilities; for example: Apparently, he wants to buy a new car.
有许多可能性；例如：显然，他想买辆新车。
He wants to buy a second-hand car next month.
他想下个月买一辆二手车。
He wants to buy a bright red car for his new girlfriend.
他想给他的新女友买一辆亮红色的汽车。
You can see that adverbs can be single words or phrases.
大家可以看到，副词可以是单个单词或短语。
Adjectives can go before the noun they describe, or after some verbs.
形容词可以放在他们描述的名词之前，也可以放在一些动词之后。
Adverbs are more plicated, and can go in many different positions.
副词比较复杂，可以有很多不同的位置。
However, this is the important point: using adjectives and adverbs like this doesn't change whether a sentence is plete or not.
然而，这是非常重要的一点：使用这样的形容词和副词并不能改变一个句子的完整性。
If you say: He wants to buy a car.
如果你说：他想买一辆车。
That's a plete sentence.
这是一个完整的句子。
You can add adjectives and adverbs to it to make it more detailed: Apparently, he wants to buy a second-hand car for his new girlfriend.
你可以给它加上形容词和副词，使它更加详细：显然，他想给他的新女朋友买一辆二手车。
However, if a sentence is inplete, then you can't make it plete by adding adjectives or adverbs: He wants to buy… This sentence is inplete.
然而，如果一个句子本身是不完整的话，那么你并不能通过添加形容词或副词来使它完整：他想买……这个句子不完整。
Adding adjectives and adverbs won't make it plete.
添加形容词和副词不会使它完整。
So, at this point, you can build a simple sentence.
所以到目前为止，你可以造出一个简单的句子。
You also hopefully understand something about plements and why they're important for making plete sentences, and now you can also add description to a plete sentence using adjectives and adverbs.
希望大家现在了解了一些关于补语的内容，以及为什么它们对造出完整的句子如此重要，现在大家就可以用形容词和副词给完整的句子添加描述啦。
Let's look at how you can bine these simple sentences into plex ones.
让我们看看如何将这些简单的句子组合成复杂的句子。
First, let's define some words.
首先，让我们定义一些单词。
A conjunction is something which joins two sentences or two parts of a sentence together.
连词是将两个句子或句子的两个部分连接在一起的单词。
Words like and, but, if, although, because or which are conjunctions.
像“and”、“but”、“if”、“although”、“because”或“which”都是连词。
A plex sentence contains two or more parts joined with a conjunction.
一个复合句包含两个或多个由连词连接的部分。
These parts are called clauses.
这些部分称为子句。
An independent clause expresses a plete idea, and could stand by itself.
一个独立的句子表达了一个完整的概念，并且可以独立存在。
A dependent clause would not make sense if it were by itself.
而从属子句如果单独存在的话是没有意义的。
A dependent clause depends on an independent clause in the same sentence in order to have meaning.
从属子句需要依赖于同一个句子中的独立句才能有意义。
Don't worry if this is new — you don't need to remember everything right now.
如果大家之前没有了解的话，不要担心——你现在不需要记住一切内容。
You'll see lots of examples of these ideas in this section and the next section, too.
在本节和下一节中，你会看到很多关于这些概念的例子。
In this section, you're going to learn about plex sentences with two independent clauses.
在本节中，大家将学习带有两个独立子句的复合句。
Okay, enough abstract talk!
好了，抽象的内容就说这么多啦！
Let's see some examples: He runs around the park every morning, so he's in pretty good shape.
让我们看一些例子：他每天早上绕着公园跑步，所以他的身材很好。
She likes strawberries, but she hardly ever eats them.
她喜欢草莓，但她几乎从不吃。
You should write to her and thank her for the present.
你应该给她写信，谢谢她送的礼物。
These are simple examples of plex sentences.
这些是复杂句子的简单例子。
Here's your recipe: independent clause conjunction independent clause.
这是其中的诀窍：独立子句 连词 独立子句。
You generally need a ma at the end of the first clause, before the conjunction, but ma rules are quite flexible in English, so you won't always need a ma.
你通常需要在第一个子句的结尾和连词之前加一个逗号，但是逗号规则在英语中非常灵活，所以并不总是需要加逗号。
Look at the first example: He runs around the park every morning, so he's in pretty good shape.
看第一个例子：他每天早上绕着公园跑步，所以他的身材很好。
Which word is the conjunction?
连词是哪个词？
The conjunction is so.
连词是“so”。
You can split this sentence into two full, meaningful sentences: Let's look at one more: She likes strawberries, but she hardly ever eats them.
你可以把这个句子分成两个完整的、有意义的句子：让我们再看一个：她喜欢草莓，但她几乎从不吃。
Again, you can split this into two full sentences.
同样，你可以把它分成两个完整的句子。
You might think that the second sentence here isn't plete or doesn't make sense by itself.
你可能会认为这里的第二句话不完整或者本身没有意义。
As it is, you'd be right.
其实你想的是对的。
However, you can change them to strawberries, and then it's a plete, meaningful sentence: But, she hardly ever eats strawberries.
然而，你可以把“them”换成“strawberries”，这就是一个完整有意义的句子了：但是，她几乎从不吃草莓。
You can keep adding conjunctions and clauses for as long as you want: She likes strawberries, but she hardly ever eats them, and she doesn't earn much money, so she has to be careful how much she spends on groceries, and fresh food is generally more expensive than canned or frozen produce, so… Of course, just because you can, it doesn't mean it's a good idea.
你可以随时添加连词和子句：她喜欢草莓，但她几乎从不吃草莓，而且她挣的钱也不多，所以她必须计算在食品杂货上的花费，而且新鲜食品通常比罐装或冷冻产品贵，所以……当然，仅仅因为你可以这么做，并不意味着这样做是个好主意。
Sentences with too many clauses are difficult to follow, so it's generally better to limit your plex sentences to two or, maximum, three clauses.
子句太多的句子会很难理解，所以一般最好把复杂句子限制在两个或最多三个子句。
Now, you know how to build plex sentences using independent clauses.
现在，你知道如何使用独立子句构建复杂的句子了。
What about dependent clauses?
那从属子句呢？
Do you remember the definition of a dependent clause?
你还记得从属子句的定义吗？
A dependent clause is a part of a sentence which would not make sense by itself.
从属子句是句子的一部分，它本身没有意义。
Let's see an example: She's taller than I am.
让我们看一个例子：她比我高。
This short sentence has two clauses.
这个短句有两个子句。
Can you see where the two clauses start and end, and which one is dependent?
你能看到这两个子句从哪里开始和结束的，哪一个是从属的吗？
The two clauses are: She's taller.
这两个子句是：她更高。
And: Than I am.
和：比我。
They're linked with the conjunction than.
它们由连词“than”联系在一起。
The second clause, than I am, is dependent.
第二个从句，比我，是从属的。
It doesn't make sense by itself.
它本身没有意义。
Let's see some other ways to build plex sentences with dependent clauses.
让我们看看用从句构造复杂句子的其他方法。
You can add a dependent clause with conjunctions like if, because, although, unless, or wherever.
你可以添加一个带有连词的从属子句，例如“if”、“because”、“although”、“unless”或者是“wherever”。
For example: If you're late, I'll leave without you.
例如：如果你迟到了，我就不等你了。
He's broke because he spent all his money on beer.
他破产了，因为他把所有的钱都花在了啤酒上。
Although she spends a lot of time at work, she doesn't get much done.
虽然她花很多时间在工作上，但她做完的事情并不多。
I won't do it unless you e with me.
除非你和我一起去，否则我不会做这件事的。
We can meet wherever you want.
我们可以在你想去的任何地方见面。
Often, you can change the order of the two clauses if you want, so you can say: If you're late, I'll leave without you.
通常，如果你愿意的话，你可以改变这两个从句的顺序，所以你可以说：如果你迟到了，我就不等你了。
Or: I'll leave without you if you're late.
或者是：如果你迟到了，我就不等你了。
Notice that there's a ma between the two clauses if the dependent clause is first, but not if the independent clause is first.
请注意，如果从属子句是第一个的话，那两个子句之间有逗号，但如果独立子句是第一个的话，则没有逗号。
What's the difference between these plex sentences and the ones you saw in part four?
这些复杂的句子和你在第四部分看到的有什么区别呢？
Here, you can't split the sentence in two.
在这里，你不能把句子一分为二。
Well, you can, but one of the two parts won't make sense: If you're late.
可以是可以，但是两个部分中的其中一个是没有意义的：如果你迟到了。
I'll leave without you.
我就不等你了。
I'll leave without you is an independent clause, so it makes sense by itself.
我就不等你了是一个独立的子句，所以它本身就有意义。
But the other clause — if you're late — is dependent, and it doesn't make sense by itself.
但是另一个子句——如果你迟到了——是从属的，它本身没有意义。
It needs something more to make it plete.
它需要更多的内容来使其完整。
What other mon ways are there to build plex sentences with dependent clauses?
用从句构建复合句还有哪些常见的方法？
Another mon structure is relative clauses, using relative pronouns like who, which or what to link two clauses.
另一个常见的结构是关系从句，使用关系代词，如“who”、“what”或“what”来连接两个从句。
For example: That's the guy who shouted at me.
例如：那就是那个冲我大喊大叫的人。
I have no idea what's going on.
我不知道发生了什么。
They gave us a cake which was made from dried beetroot.
他们给了我们一个蛋糕，是用干甜菜根做的。
In these cases, the dependent clause goes after the independent clause.
在这些情况下，从属子句位于独立子句之后。
Let's review what you've learned in this lesson.
让我们回顾一下你在这节课中学到的内容。
You can build a very simple sentence, with just a verb: Work!
你可以造一个非常简单的句子，只用一个动词：工作！
You can add a subject and plement to make a simple sentence: She works in a zoo.
你可以添加一个主语和补语来造一个简单的句子：她在动物园工作。
You can use adjectives and adverbs to add description.
你可以用形容词和副词来增加描述。
Apparently, she works in a private zoo.
显然，她在一家私人动物园工作。
You can make a plex sentence by adding a second independent clause, with a conjunction.
你可以通过添加第二个独立子句和连词来造一个复杂的句子。
Apparently, she works in a private zoo, so she must know a lot about animals.
显然，她在一家私人动物园工作，所以她一定很了解动物。
You can also make a plex sentence by adding a dependent clause, or even several dependent clauses, again using conjunctions to connect them.
你也可以通过添加一个从属子句，甚至几个从属子句来造一个复杂的句子，同样地也是使用连词来连接它们。
Apparently, she works in a private zoo, so she must know a lot about animals, which surprises me because as far as I know she studied economics at university, although I guess I could be wrong.
显然，她在一家私人动物园工作，所以她一定对动物了解很多，这让我很惊讶，因为据我所知，她在大学学的是经济学，尽管我想我可能记错了。
This is a big topic, and it will take you time to learn everything about these points.
这是一个很大的话题，你需要时间来学习关于这些要点的所有内容。
Studying conjunctions and how they work can help you to build plex sentences which are clear and correct.
研究连词及其原理可以帮助你构造清晰正确的复杂句子。
Relative clauses are another useful topic if you want to improve your sentence grammar.
如果你想提高你的句子语法水平的话，关系从句是另一个非常有用的话题。
Learning about relative clauses can help you to connect your ideas in plex sentences.
学习关系从句可以帮助你在复杂的句子中将不同想法进行连接。
It's also a good idea to study verb plements and learn what structures you can or can't use after a verb.
学习动词补语，学习动词后可以使用或不可以使用的结构也是一个好主意。
Remember that a lot of sentence structure is being able to answer the question: "What needs to e next?" We hope this lesson was useful for you.
请记住，很多句子结构能够回答这个问题：“接下来需要做什么？”我们希望大家觉得这节课有用。
Check out our website for more free English lessons: Oxford Online English dot .
查看我们的网站以获取更多免费英语课程：Oxford Online English dot 。
Thanks for watching!
感谢收看！
See you next time!
下节课再见！
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